Nicotine
Nicotine is a tobacco product that acts on the cholinergic synapses of the body and the brain to cause a calming effect. After it’s received by the receptors it’s broken down by acetylcholinesterase but the enzyme can’t break down the nicotine molecules, which bind to the same receptors. This excites the postsynaptic neuron and it begins to fire, release a molecule called dopamine.
Dopamine gives the feeling of pleasure, a molecule of the ‘reward pathway’ of our brains.
Cocaine
Dopamine transporters are responsible for removing dopamine molecules from the synaptic cleft after they’ve done their job. Cocaine blocks these transporters, leaving dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft. This causes dopamine to bind again and again to the receptors over stimulating the cell.
Cocaine concentrates in the reward pathway. It also actives the part of the brain controlling voluntary movements – this is the reason cocaine abusers are unable to stay still.
Amphetamine
Ampetamine stimulates transmission at adrenergic synapses and gives increased energy and alertness. It acts by passing directly into the nerve cells which carry dopamine and noraderenaline. It moves directly into the cesicles of the presynaptic neurone and causes them to release into the synaptic cleft.
These neurotransmitters would normally be broken down by enzymes into the synapse, but amphetamines interfere with the breakdown. This causes a high concentration to build in the synapse which causes euphoria. High concentrations of noraderanline may be responsible for alertness and the high energy effect of amphetamines.
Inhibitory Drugs
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine reduces anxiety and can also be used against epileptic seizures. Its effect is to modulate the activity of GABA, which is the main inhibitory transmitter. When GABA binds to the postsynaptic membrane, it causes chloride ions to enter the neuron. This hyperpolarizes the neuron and prevents action potential.
Benzadiazepine increases the binding of FABA to the receptor and causes the post synaptic neuron to become more hyperpolarized.
Alcohol
The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is active throughout the brain. These transmitters act to control neural activity along brain pathways. When GABA binds to its receptors, the cell is less likely to fire. However, in other areas of the brain, the neurotransmitter glutamate acts as the brain’s general-purpose excitatory neurotransmitter.
When alcohol enters the brain it delivers a double sedative punch. First, it interacts with GABA receptors to make them even more inhibitory. Second, it binds to glutamate receptors, preventing the glutamate from exciting the cell.
Alcohol particularly effects areas of the brain involved in memory formation, decision making and impulse control.
THC
THC is the main psychoactive chemical in marijuana. Before marijuana enters the system, inhibitory neurotransmitters are active in the synapse. These neurotransmitters inhibit dopamine from being released. When activated by the body’s own native cannabinoid (called anandamide) cannabinoid receptors turn off the release of inhibitory transmitters. Without inhibition, dopamine can be released.
THC mimics anandamide and binds to cannabinoid receptors; inhibition is turned off and dopamine is allowed to move into the synapse.
Anandamide is known to be involved in removing unnecessary short term memories. It’s also involved for slowing down movement, making the user feel relaxed and calm. Unlike THS, anandamide breaks down very quickly in the body. This explains why anandamide doesn’t produce a perpetual natural ‘high’.
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